Acknowledging separable factors underlying negative symptoms may lead to better understanding and treatment of negative symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia. The current study aimed to test whether the negative symptoms factor (NSF) of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) would be better represented by expressive and experiential deficit factors, rather than by a single factor model, using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Two hundred and twenty individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders completed the PANSS; subsamples additionally completed the Brief Negative Symptom (...) Scale (BNSS) and the Motivation and Pleasure Scale—Self-Report (MAP-SR). CFA results indicated that the two-factor model fit the data better than the one-factor model; however, latent variables were closely correlated. The two-factor model’s fit was significantly improved by accounting for correlated residuals between N2 (emotional withdrawal) and N6 (lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation), and between N4 (passive social withdrawal) and G16 (active social avoidance), possibly reflecting common method variance. The two NSF factors exhibited differential patterns of correlation with subdomains of the BNSS and MAP-SR. These results suggest that the PANSS NSF would be better represented by a two-factor model than by a single-factor one, and support the two-factor model’s adequate criterion-related validity. Common method variance among several items may be a potential source of measurement error under a two-factor model of the PANSS NSF. (shrink)

We explored the relationship between 24 character strengths measured by the Global Assessment of Character Strengths (GACS), which was revised from the original VIA instrument, and moral functioning comprising postconventional moral reasoning, empathic traits and moral identity. Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) was employed to explore the best models, which were more parsimonious than full regression models estimated through frequentist regression, predicting moral functioning indicators with the 24 candidate character strength predictors. Our exploration was conducted with a dataset collected from 666 (...) college students at a public university in the Southern United States. Results showed that character strengths as measured by GACS partially predicted relevant moral functioning indicators. Performance evaluation results demonstrated that the best models identified by BMA performed significantly better than the full models estimated by frequentist regression in terms of AIC, BIC, and cross-validation accuracy. We discuss theoretical and methodological implications of the findings for future studies addressing character strengths and moral functioning. (shrink)

Background: Moral Growth Mindset (MGM) is a belief about whether one can become a morally better person through efforts. Prior research showed that MGM is positively associated with promotion of moral motivation among adolescents and young adults. We developed and tested the English version of the MGM measure in this study with data collected from college student participants. Methods: In Study 1, we tested the reliability and validity of the MGM measure with two-wave data (N = 212, Age mean = (...) 24.18 years, SD = 7.82 years). In Study 2, we retested the construct validity of the MGM measure once again and its association with other moral and positive psychological indicators to test its convergent and discriminant validity (N = 275, Age mean = 22.02 years, SD = 6.34 years). Results: We found that the MGM measure was reliable and valid from Study 1. In Study 2, the results indicated that the MGM was well correlated with other moral and positive psychological indicators as expected. Conclusions: We developed and validated the English version of the MGM measure in the present study. The results from studies 1 and 2 supported the reliability and validity of the MGM measure. Given this, we found that the English version of the MGM measure can measure one’s MGM as we intended. (shrink)

Incremental implicit theories are associated with a belief regarding it is possible to improve one’s intelligence or ability through efforts. Previous studies have demonstrated that incremental implicit theories contributed to better academic achievement and positive youth development. Our study aimed to examine whether incremental implicit theories of morality significantly influenced change in students’ engagement in voluntary service activities. In our study, 54 Korean college students for Study 1 and 180 Korean 8th graders for Study 2 were recruited to conduct two (...) two-wave studies. We surveyed participants’ implicit theories of morality and participation in voluntary service activities. The effect of implicit theories of morality on change in service engagement was analyzed through regression analysis. In Study 1, the moral growth mindset significantly moderated longitudinal change in service engagement. In Study 2, the moral growth mindset significantly influenced engagement in art-related activities, while it significantly moderated change in engagement in youth-related activities. (shrink)

We examined the links between moral identity—the centrality of moral principles to identity—and political purpose during emerging adulthood. We analyzed data from two waves of a longitudinal study of civic purpose. T1 surveys were collected before high school graduation and T2 survey were collected two years later. We categorized people (N = 1,578 at T1 and N = 480 at T2) into political purpose groups based on the person-centered perspective and then performed multinomial logistic regression analysis to test whether moral (...) identity was associated with categories of political purpose. The findings from our study indicate that moral identity at T1 is linked with the maintenance and formation of T2 political purpose. (shrink)

We evaluated the reliability, validity, and differential item functioning (DIF) of a shorter version of the Defining Issues Test-1 (DIT-1), the behavioral DIT (bDIT), measuring the development of moral reasoning. 353 college students (81 males, 271 females, 1 not reported; age M = 18.64 years, SD = 1.20 years) who were taking introductory psychology classes at a public University in a suburb area in the Southern United States participated in the present study. First, we examined the reliability of the bDIT (...) using Cronbach’s α and its concurrent validity with the original DIT-1 using disattenuated correlation. Second, we compared the test duration between the two measures. Third, we tested the DIF of each question between males and females. Findings reported that first, the bDIT showed acceptable reliability and good concurrent validity. Second, the test duration could be significantly shortened by employing the bDIT. Third, DIF results indicated that the bDIT items did not favour any gender. Practical implications of the present study based on the reported findings are discussed. (shrink)

Introduction The Defining Issues Test (DIT) aimed to measure one’s moral judgment development in terms of moral reasoning. The Neo-Kohlbergian approach, which is an elaboration of Kohlbergian theory, focuses on the continuous development of postconventional moral reasoning, which constitutes the theoretical basis of the DIT. However, very few studies have directly tested the internal structure of the DIT, which would indicate its construct validity. Objectives Using the DIT-2, a later revision of the DIT, we examined whether a bi-factor model or (...) 3-factor CFA model showed a better model fit. The Neo-Kohlbergian theory of moral judgment development, which constitutes the theoretical basis for the DIT-2, proposes that moral judgment development occurs continuously and that it can be better explained with a soft-stage model. Given these assertions, we assumed that the bi-factor model, which considers the Schema-General Moral Judgment (SGMJ), might be more consistent with Neo-Kohlbergian theory. Methods We analyzed a large dataset collected from undergraduate students. We performed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) via weighted least squares. A 3-factor CFA based on the DIT-2 manual and a bi-factor model were compared for model fit. The three factors in the 3-factor CFA were labeled as moral development schemas in Neo-Kohlbergian theory (i.e., personal interests, maintaining norms, and postconventional schemas). The bi-factor model included the SGMJ in addition to the three factors. Results In general, the bi-factor model showed a better model fit compared with the 3-factor CFA model although both models reported acceptable model fit indices. Conclusion We found that the DIT-2 scale is a valid measure of the internal structure of moral reasoning development using both CFA and bi-factor models. In addition, we conclude that the soft-stage model, posited by the Neo-Kohlbergian approach to moral judgment development, can be better supported with the bi-factor model that was tested in the present study. (shrink)

Service providers working for a service organization are asked to express such positive emotions as joy, pleasure, and politeness required at the organizational level rather than their natural emotions they are experiencing at the moment. They cannot express their emotion they are actually going through and accordingly, their level of emotional labor and emotional dissonance influence on their job commitment and trust toward their organization. This study thus set out to investigate the effects of leading variables of emotional labor on (...) the level of emotional labor and the impact of emotional labor on organizational trust and organizational commitment with a subject group of college administrative staffs. Three underlying factors such as job stress, intimacy, and professionalism were identified as the determinants of emotional labor. Conceptual background about job stress, intimacy, emotional labor, and organizational effectiveness as the core variables of the study was investigated. Based on the conceptual background and our research questions, 5 research hypotheses and the proposed research model regarding the effects of emotional labor on organizational commitment and trust were developed. We also tried to include the moderating effects of work environment and gender of service providers on the research model. Unlike many different studies on emotional labor from the traditional perspective of service, this study also offers a practical implication by expanding and applying it to the field of college administrative service, which is an area where service providers are in the different working environment from the traditional company work environment. Finally, the managerial implications and the limitations of the study were also discussed. (shrink)

We examined the relationship between moral foundations, empathic traits, and moral identity using an online survey via Mechanical Turk. In order to determine how moral foundations contribute to empathic traits and moral identity, we performed classical correlation analysis as well as Bayesian correlation analysis, Bayesian ANCOVA, and Bayesian regression analysis. Results showed that individualizing foundations (harm/care, fairness/reciprocity) and binding foundations (ingroup/loyalty, authority/respect, purity/sanctity) had various different relationships with empathic traits. In addition, the individualizing versus binding foundations showed somewhat reverse relationships (...) with internalization and symbolization of moral identity. This suggests that moral foundations can contribute to further understanding of empathic traits and moral identity and how they relate to moral behavior in reality. We discuss the implications of these results for moral educators when starting to teach students about moral issues. (shrink)

Modern schooling in Korea, which was officially established by law in 1949, is well known for its function as an engine of economic success in modern Korea. Although this fact seems to be world-wid...

Forecasting blood glucose values for patients can help prevent hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia events in advance. To this end, this study proposes an intelligent ensemble deep learning system to predict BG values in 15, 30, and 60 min prediction horizons based on historical BG values collected via continuous glucose monitoring devices as an endogenous factor and carbohydrate intake and insulin administration information as exogenous factors. Although there are numerous deep learning algorithms available, this study applied five algorithms, namely, recurrent neural network, (...) which is optimized for sequence data, and RNN-based algorithms, stacked LSTM, bidirectional LSTM, and gated recurrent unit). Then, a genetic algorithm was applied to the five prediction models to optimize their weights through ensemble techniques and to yield the final predicted BG values. The performance of the proposed model was compared to that of the autoregressive integrated moving average model as a baseline. The results show that the proposed model significantly outperforms the baseline in terms of the root mean square error and continuous glucose error grid analysis. For the valid 29 diabetic patients for the multivariate models, the RMSE was 11.08, 19.25, and 31.30 mg/DL for 15, 30, and 60 min PH, respectively. When the same data were applied to univariate models, the RMSE was 11.28, 19.99, and 33.13 mg/DL for 15, 30, and 60 min PH, respectively. Both the univariate and multivariate models showed a statistically significant difference compared with the baseline at a 5% statistical significance level. Instead of using a model with a single algorithm, applying a GA based on each output of a model with multiple algorithms was found to play a significant role in improving model performance. (shrink)

최한기의 사유에서 존재와 인식 두 측면에 걸친 패러다임이 근대성의 맥락에서 전환된다. 그에게 만사만물의 근원은 리(理)가 아니고 기(氣)이다. 그 리는 기를 미루어 헤아릴 수 있다. 그리고 종래의 존재론 차원에서만 있던 ‘리’가 최한기의 기철학에서는 인식 국면에도 있다. 존재론에 ‘유행의 리’가 있다면 인식 국면에는 ‘추측의 리’가 있다. 또한 그의 사유에서 리는 존재와 인식 모두에 걸쳐 무수히 많다. 이렇다 할 때 리는 메커니즘으로서 이치, 방식, 방법의 의미로 접근해 볼 수 있지 않을까 싶다. 최한기의 생각에서 만물 존재와 인식 모두에 생성, 운동, 변화의 운화기가 내재한다. 최한기의 (...) 기학에서는 ‘경험’이 매우 중시된다. 도덕적으로 행위할 줄 아는 것도, 예를 들어 맹자의 측은지심의 발동도 그의 사유에서는 경험, 교접을 통해 획득되는 것이고 도덕 행위의 인식은 심체, 즉 마음의 본질인 신기에 의한 추측으로 보았다. 이와 같은 면모로 최한기의 철학에서 존재와 인식의 문제가 대두된다. 사물의 존재의 본질뿐만 아니라 그것에 대한 인식 과정 모두에 걸쳐 운동, 변화가 내재한다. 이런 양태로 최한기의 사유는 실학적이며 근대적인 사유로 나아갔다. (shrink)

지금까지 최한기의 기륜설(氣輪說)을 중심 논제로 다루고 있는 논문은 몇 편 되지 않으나 기륜설에 대한 논의는 충분히 전개되어 오지 않았나 생각된다. 이들 선행연구는 각각 다양한 지평에서 논의가 이루어졌지만 19세기 동아시아(중국과 한국) 과학 담론 속에서 최한기의 기륜설을 조명하고 있다는 점에서는 공통점을 보이고 있다. - 19세기 동아시아 과학 담론 속의 기륜설 - 이 지점이야말로 기륜설 연구의 현주소라 할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 바로 이 지점에서 논의의 지평을 서양의 중력이론과 20세기 과학담론으로 확장시키고 그 속에 자리하는 기륜설의 위상을 재조명해보고자 한다. 그리하여 근대 서양 과학의 (...) 영향으로 탄생한 최한기의 기륜설이 서양의 근 현대 중력이론들 사이에서 어떤 위상으로 자리하고 있는가를 조명해보고, 나아가 새로운 기륜설 연구의 향방을 모색해 보는 것이 본 연구의 목적이라 할 수 있다. 서론에서는 기륜설의 정의와 선행연구 분석 및 문제제기가 이루어지고, 본론은 주제별로 두 개의 장으로 나눠지는데 첫 번째 장은 기륜설의 기본적인 내용이라 할 수 있는 기륜의 형성과 특성, 중력이론으로서 기륜설의 원리에 대한 설명과 최한기가 서양 과학의 힘을 빌려 이를 증명해 가는 과정을 담고 있다. 두 번째 장에서는 본 논문의 주제라 할 수 있는 기륜의 중력 작용에 대해 논하게 되는데, 그 과정에서 최한기가 뉴턴의 만유인력을 온전히 수용할 수 없었던 이유와 기륜설이 만유인력과 이론적으로 충돌하는 원인에 대한 분석이 이루어진다. 나아가 뉴턴 전후로 중력이론을 발표했던 데카르트의 소용돌이설 및 아인슈타인의 일반상대성 이론을 기륜설과 비교 분석하게 되며 결론을 통해 기존에 이루어졌던 평가를 재조명하고, 앞으로 이루어져야 할 기륜설 연구의 향방을 모색한다. (shrink)

조선의 성리학과 실학의 경계는 양자 간의 뚜렷한 차이점의 유무에 따라 결정된다. 그리고 그 구분은 일반적으로 경세치용·이용후생·실사구시라는 특징을 통해 나뉘어져 왔다. 이에 반해 이 논문에서는 성리학의 도덕주의가 어떻게 고통을 초래하는 억압의 기제로 작동될 수 있으며, 최한기의 실학사상은 어떻게 이 억압으로부터의 해방으로 해석될 수 있는지를 분석하여 양자의 새로운 경계를 제시한다는 점에서 차별성을 갖는다. 최한기가 주장한 통일적 인간관은 성리학의 이기(理氣)가 가지는 차별적 위상에서 야기된 분열된 자아에 대한 대안이 된다. 또한 최한기 기학(氣學)의 기통적(氣通的) 사회관은 천과 성인의 위상에 근거한 일방적이고 시대를 초월한 성리학의 사회규범이 당시의 (...) 사회구성원들에게 불합리한 억압의 기제로 작동할 수 있는 점을 해결하는 새로운 사상으로서 가치를 지닌다. (shrink)

이 글의 주된 목적은 최한기의 ‘측인’(測人)이 1) 고전의 상법적 판단에 의존하면서도, 유가적 도리(道理)의 실천 여부를 최종적 판단 근거로 제시한다는 점에서 ‘상법의 유가적 확장물’로 규정될 수 있으며, 2) ‘상호주의적 구조’를 함축, 타인과의 상관적 영향관계 속에서 수시변통할 수 있는 중요 계기로 읽힐 수 있음을 해명하는 것이다. 최한기는 ‘사람 헤아리는 법[측인]’의 단초를 열어준 고전 상법의 경험적 성과를 높이 평가하고 그것에 적극적으로 의존하면서도, 상법적 판단이 인간을 ‘관계로부터 규정되는 존재’임을, 그리고 활동변화하는 세계에 능동적으로 대응하는 행사상(行事相)을 감안하고 있지 않다는 점에서 새로운 탐구의 필요성을 제기한다. 상법적 판단이 (...) 신뢰를 얻기 위해서는 변화하는 세계에 적극적으로 대응하는 행사상의 검증이 수반되어야만 하며, 그 실천적 행위는 반드시 ‘오륜(五倫)의 실현에 부합되는 것’이어야 한다. 결국 형모(形貌)로 보는 상격의 귀천이 행사상에 드러나는 오륜의 실천 여부에 따라 최종적으로 확정될 수 있는 것이다. 이 점에서 측인은 유가적 관점에서 재해석된 ‘상법의 변용’으로 보인다. 다른 한편으로 최한기의 측인은 ‘상호주의’를 실현할 수 있는 수시변통의 중요 계기를 담고 있다. 최한기에게 ‘나’는 공동체 안에 존재하는 ‘관계-내-존재’로서 부단히 남의 호오(好惡)에 따라 내 행위를 지속적으로 ‘교정’해 가야 하는 ‘능동적 존재’로 이해된다. 결국 최한기에게 수신(修身)과 측인은 그 자체로 확정적인 내용을 담고 있지 않으며, 타인과의 상관적 영향관계 속에서 변통의 결정적 계기가 된다. 최한기의 측인이 인간을 읽는 유일한 지침은 될 수 없다. 그러나 측인은 1) 활동변화의 관점에서 세계를 인식하고, 2) 인간을 ‘세계-내-존재’ ‘관계-내-존재’로 규정, 끊임없이 상호작용하며 수시변통해야 하는 존재로 규정한다는 점에서 이전 상법과 구분되는 이론적 진전을 보여 준다. 인간이 타인을 인식하려 하는 것은 결국 ‘상호작용’을 위한 것이라는 점을 상기해본다면, 최한기의 측인은 인간의 삶에서 상호작용의 중요성을 환기시켜 준다는 점에서 의미를 지닌다. (shrink)

儒學思想의 基底를 이루고 있는 것은 經學이다. 經學이란, 해석자가 경전이라는 권위에 기대어 자신의 시대적⋅사회적⋅사상적 입장을 투영하여 재해석하여 자신의 이상과 신념을 표현하는 학문이라고 할 수 있다. 우리나라에 儒敎經典이 유입된 후 조선시대에 이르러서는 주자학적 경학이 그 주류를 형성하여 17세기까지 지속되었는데, 17세기 말부터는 주자학적 이념체계에 대한 반성과 탐색이 시도되면서 탈주자학적 경전 해석 경향이 나타나게 되었다. 이 가운데에서 필자는 運化라는 세계관을 바탕으로 하여 사상 체계를 구축한 혜강 최한기(1803∼1877)에 대해서 주목하게 되었다. 최한기의 학문을 학계에서는 흔히 ‘탈경학’이라고 표현하지만, 그가 경학에 대해서 일정한 견해를 가지고 있었다는 사실은 그의 (...) 저서 『通經』과 기타 經典에 대한 언급에서 증명된다. 그러나 그동안의 연구에서 대부분의 선행 연구자들은 최한기의 철학에 미친 經典의 영향에 대해서는 간과하는 측면이 있다. 이 논문에서는 최한기가『大學』의 八條目 중 修身⋅齊家⋅治國⋅平天下에 대해서 논술한 부분을 참고하여 그의 이상사회론에 대해 분석한다. 현존하는 그의 저서에서 『大學』 조목에 대한 부분을 보면 그는 三綱領보다는 八條目을 주로 언급하였고, 그 중에서 특히 修身⋅齊家⋅治國⋅平天下에 대해서 주로 언급하였다. 이 부분은 최한기 이전의 조선 학자들과 다른 독창적인 해석으로써 주목할 만 하다. 그러나 그의 『通經』은 序文 이외에 현존하지 않으므로, 그의 저술 가운데에서 특히 『神氣通』, 『推測錄』, 『氣學』, 『人政』에서 그의 修身⋅齊家⋅治國⋅平天下 관련 논술을 三等運化의 구조를 차용하여 분석하고, 그의 이상사회론의 근거를 찾아보았다. (shrink)

혜강 최한기의 사상적 특징은 자연과 인간의 소통 관계를 해명하는 것이다. 또한 사회의 발전 논리를 기의 운동성에서 찾고, 그 논리적 구도를 재조직하여 사회적 발전 구도를 만드는 것이다. 곧 기의 본질적 특성인 형질성과 운동성을 자연의 전형 및 합리성으로 삼아 인간 사회의 합리성과 변화를 해명하는 것이다. 나아가 자연에 기초한 사회 발전의 논리를 확대하여 사회적 건전성의 조건이 무엇인지를 탐색한다. 그는 유가의 전통적 경세론에 기초하여 이 질문에 답한다. 그것은 기의 객관성과 운동성에 기초한 사무론의 전개이다. 그리고 다양한 사무에서 발생하는 사회적 이익을 소통시키는 논리의 제시이다. 곧 운화개념에 (...) 기초한 통공역사(通功易事)의 논리를 제시한 것이다. 통공역사는 사회적 재화의 소통, 즉 사회적 부의 분배 문제에 귀결되고, 사회적 공공성을 실현하는 논리가 된다. 이것은 현대 사회의 사회복지 및 사회정의에 연결시킬 수 있다. 이 점에서 우리는 사회적 재화의 소통에 따른 사회적 건전성의 확보와 사회 구성원의 행복을 말할 수 있다. 그리고 다양한 사회 구성원이 공존할 수 있는 근거를 말할 수 있다. (shrink)

본 연구의 목적은 혜강 최한기의 기학에 나타난 깨달음의 문제를 규명하는 것이다. 지금까지 기학에 대한 일반적 평가는 실학의 측면에서 이루어졌다. 즉 기학의 대전제를 경험과 증험의 객관성, 그리고 경세(經世)에 둔 논의가 많았다. 이러한 논의들은 기학의 성격을 일반화하는데 유효했다. 하지만 대비적으로 깨달음의 문제와 같은 주관적 영역에 대한 논의는 활발하지 못했다. 현재까지 깨달음의 문제에 대한 기학적 논의는 활발하게 전개되고 있지 않다. 기학을 공부하는 사람은 신기(神氣)가 자신의 존재적 본질임을 인식하고 우주와 하나임(一體)을 체인(體認)하면서 사회적 삶을 살아가는 자이다. 곧 우주적 질서를 자신에게서 발견하고 사회적 삶에 연장하여 소통하는 (...) 자이다. 이러한 깨달음을 얻은 사람을 기통인(氣通人)이라 할 수 있다. (shrink)

Detailed criticisms of Buddhism by Confucian scholars in China were initiated in the writings of Han Yu, who lambasted Buddhism as a foreign religion whose practices were intrinsically deleterious to society and state. Tensions grew much stronger in the Song period after the appearance of Neo-Confucianism, especially in the philosophical form crystallized in the works of Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, and Zhu Xi, all of whom attacked Buddhism strongly on philosophical grounds. In late-Goryeo and early-Joseon Korea, these tensions were brought (...) to new heights as the Neo-Confucian polemic became the central component of the movement to oust Buddhism from its position as the state religion. The gamut of arguments that had been made against Buddhist throughout this long history were drawn together in the essay of noted Confucian statesman Jeong Dojeon: Bulssi japbyeon. These arguments would be met with a commensurate Buddhist response in the Hyeon jeong non by the Seon monk Gihwa, considered by many as one of the sharpest thinkers and writers in the entire Korean Buddhist tradition. Thus, as one of the rare cases in the history of religions, a full-scale debate took place between these two distinct religious groups. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In the present study, we examined how the perceived attainability and relatability of moral exemplars predicted moral elevation and pleasantness among both adult and college student participants. Data collected from two experiments were analyzed with Bayesian multilevel modeling to explore which factors significantly predicted outcome variables at the story level. The analysis results demonstrated that the main effect of perceived relatability and the interaction effect between attainability and relatability shall be included in the best prediction model, and thus, were (...) deemed to predict the outcome variables significantly. The main effect of relatability as well as its interaction with attainability positively predicted elevation and pleasantness. We discussed educational implications of the findings in terms of how relatability may be the first point of emphasis for moral educators to focus on and attainability can then bolster the effectiveness. These relatable and attainable moral exemplars can be sources for moral elevation and pleasantness, which promote motivation to emulate moral behavior presented by the exemplars. (shrink)

In this paper, I examined whether evidence from the neuroscience of morality supports the standard models of phronesis, i.e., Jubilee and Aretai Centre Models. The standard models explain phronesis as a multifaceted construct based on interaction and coordination among functional components. I reviewed recent neuroscience studies focusing on brain networks associated with morality and their connectivity to examine the validity of the models. Simultaneously, I discussed whether the evidence helps the models address challenges, particularly those from the phronesis eliminativism. Neuroscientific (...) evidence supported the importance of brain networks, i.e., the default mode, salience, and central executive functioning networks, in moral functioning in general. The findings favorably supported the multifaceted and integrative nature of phronesis proposed by the standard models. Finally, I considered how the two models could explain the mechanisms of phronesis more integratively based on neuroscientific findings. At the end of this paper, with the evidence, I proposed several practical ideas to promote the cultivation of phronesis, e.g., the consideration of coordination among components for moral functioning and the use of moral exemplars. (shrink)

I explored the association between components constituting the basis for moral and optimal human functioning, i.e., moral reasoning, moral identity, empathy, and purpose, via network analysis. I employed factor scores instead of composite scores that most previous studies used for better accuracy in score estimation in this study. Then, I estimated the network structure among collected variables and centrality indicators. For additional information, the structure and indicators were compared between two groups, participants who engaged in civic activities highly versus lowly. (...) The results demonstrated significant intra- and inter-scale associations in the network. The network structure was invariant across the two groups. Despite the network invariance, I found that the global connectivity between and centrality indicators of examined factors were higher among the high civic engagement group in general. I discussed the implications of the findings in research on moral functioning based on moral psychology and virtue ethics. (shrink)

The present study aimed to examine how to improve the effectiveness of moral exemplar-applied interventions based on the pillars of the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) framework, autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Past research has mainly focused on the relatedness and attainability of moral exemplars for predicting motivation outcomes. The data for this study consisted of synthesized data sets from previous studies examining the motivational impacts of distinct moral exemplars and intervention methods. The main syntheses for these data sets used Multilevel Modeling (MLM) (...) focusing on relatability, attainability, and intervention methods, corresponding to relatedness, competence, and autonomy in the SDT, respectively, as predictors. In general, there was a significant interaction effect between the attainability or relatability, and the intervention method. Autonomous instruction methods, which support autonomy, were demonstrated to boost motivational outcomes. Implications from this study support the employment of SDT to examine the use of moral exemplars in moral education and were consistent with previous exemplar studies. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In the present study, I explore the relationship between purpose, which was measured by the Claremont Purpose Scale, and moral psychological indicators, moral reasoning, moral identity, and empathy. Purpose was quantified in terms of three subcomponents: meaning, goal, and beyond-the-self motivation. Moral reasoning was assessed in terms of utilization of postconventional moral reasoning. Moral identity was examined with two subscales: moral internalization, and symbolization. Among diverse subscales of empathy, I focused on empathic concern and perspective taking, which have been (...) reported to be strongly related to morality. To explore the best prediction models using the data, I employed Bayesian Model Selection and Bayesian regression analysis. In general, purpose was significantly predicted by most surveyed moral psychological indicators but not by moral symbolization. The best prediction model for beyond-the-self motivation included the most moral psychological indicator predictors including moral reasoning, which did not significantly predict other dependent variables. (shrink)

Meta-learning is learning to learn, which includes the development of capacities to transfer what people learned in one specific domain to other domains. It facilitates finetuning learning parameters and setting priors for effective and optimal learning in novel contexts and situations. Recent advances in research on artificial intelligence have reported meta-learning is essential in improving and optimizing the performance of trained models across different domains. In this paper, I suggest that meta-learning plays fundamental roles in practical wisdom and its cultivation (...) within moral domains. I support my argument with findings from studies in psychology, neuroscience, and computer science. Moreover, I suggested concrete ideas for moral education to foster wisdom cultivation along with meta-learning with evidence from studies across various fields. Particularly, I underscored that exemplars, including role models and mentors, play fundamental roles in education. Finally, I discussed the potential implications of the introduction of the concept, meta-learning, to moral education addressing concerns and issues related to socio-cultural diversity. (shrink)

In this paper I identify a distinct form of epistemic injustice and oppression which I call ‘hermeneutical sabotage’. Hermeneutical sabotage occurs when dominantly situated knowers actively maintain or worsen the dominant hermeneutical resources for understanding the experiences or identities of marginalised groups. They do this through actively distorting the resistant hermeneutical resources developed by marginalised groups, and by introducing new, prejudiced hermeneutical resources. I develop a taxonomy of four forms hermeneutical sabotage can take, giving an example of each, and explain (...) the difference between ‘hermeneutical sabotage’ and other types of epistemic injustice. I demonstrate the importance of having the concept of hermeneutical sabotage for recognising how it can be used, intentionally or unintentionally, to further the aims of harmful political movements. I give examples of hermeneutical sabotage which furthers the aims of transphobic, racist, and anti-immigrant political movements. (shrink)

Plakias has recently argued that there is nothing wrong with publishing defences of philosophical claims which we don't believe and also nothing wrong with concealing our lack of belief, because an author's lack of belief is irrelevant to the merit of a published work. Fleisher has refined this account by limiting the permissibility of publishing without belief to what he calls ‘advocacy role cases’. I argue that such lack of belief is irrelevant only if it is the result of an (...) inexplicable incredulity or the result of a metaphilosophical or epistemic stance that is unrelated to the specific claim. However, in many real-life cases, including Fleisher's advocacy role cases, our doubts regarding the claims we defend arise from reasons that have something to do with the insufficiency of the philosophical evidence supporting the claim, and publishing an unconditional defence of a claim without revealing our doubts is impermissible as it involves withholding philosophically relevant reasons. Plakias has also argued that discouraging philosophers from publishing claims they don't believe would be unfair to junior philosophers with unsettled views. I propose that we should change our academic practices that pressure philosophers to publish articles that pretend to be defences of settled views. (shrink)

Do we love for reasons? It can seem as if we do, since most cases of non‐familial love seem *selective*: coming to love a non‐family‐member often begins with our being drawn to them for what they are like. I argue, however, that we can vindicate love's selectivity, even if we maintain that there are no reasons for love; indeed, that gives us a simpler, and hence better, explanation of love's selectivity. We don't, in short, come to love *for* reasons. That (...) which seemed like evidence for thinking that there are reasons for love, then, turns out to militate against that view: how can these purported reasons be reasons for love, if they don't engender (in virtue of rationalizing) it? (shrink)

Loneliness in medicine is a serious problem not just for patients, for whom illness is intrinsically isolating, but also for physicians in the contemporary condition of medicine. We explore this problem by investigating the ideal physician-patient relationship, whose analogy with friendship has held enduring normative appeal. Drawing from Talbot Brewer and Nir Ben-Moshe, we argue that this appeal lies in a dynamic form of companionship incompatible with static models of friendship-like physician-patient relationships: a mutual refinement of embodied virtue that draws (...) both persons together. The ideal physician-patient relationship has a dialectical character that fosters each member's improvement of phenomenologically recognizing and embodying moral virtues. A key component of this dynamic is a commitment to the common goal of the patient's health, realized through joint interactivities and conversations over time. The physician's presence to the patient's suffering—understood best as an alienating phenomenological condition for the patient—orients and discloses possibilities for virtuous caregiving by structuring the meanings of the goals, conversations, and joint narrative constitutive of their relationship. Presence to suffering, paradoxically, is perhaps an important prerequisite for this dynamic partnership. These activities dialectically build an interpretive horizon of understanding through which moral goods and character refinement—in and for the other—may become revealed for both persons in their shared being-in-the-world. This analysis of suffering, mood, and revealing of (possible) moral goods has implications for addressing the modern problem of loneliness for patients and physicians, who are increasingly inhibited from building flourishing relationships with each other. (shrink)

This book uncovers and explores the constant tension between the historical and the transcendental that lies at the heart of Michel Foucault’s work. In the process, it also assesses the philosophical foundations of his thought by examining his theoretical borrowings from Kant, Nietzsche, and Heidegger, who each provided him with tools to critically rethink the status of the transcendental. Given Foucault’s constant focus on the (Kantian) question of the possibility for knowledge, the author argues that his philosophical itinerary can be (...) understood as a series of attempts to historicize the transcendental. In so doing, he seeks to uncover a specific level that would identify these conditions without falling either into an excess of idealism (a de-historicized, subject-centered perspective exemplified for Foucault by Husserlian phenomenology) or of materialism (which would amount to interpreting these conditions as ideological and thus as the effect of economic determination by the infrastructure). The author concludes that, although this problem does unify Foucault’s work and gives it its specifically philosophical dimension, none of the concepts successively provided (such as the e;piste;mè, the historical a priori, the regimes of truth, the games of truth, and problematizations) manages to name these conditions without falling into the pitfalls that Foucault originally denounced as characteristic of the “anthropological sleep”—various forms of confusion between the historical and the transcendental. Although Foucault’s work provides us with a highly illuminating analysis of the major problems of post-Kantian philosophies, ultimately it remains aporetic in that it also fails to overcome them. (shrink)

Although some previous studies have investigated the relationship between moral foundations and moral judgment development, the methods used have not been able to fully explore the relationship. In the present study, we used Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) in order to address the limitations in traditional regression methods that have been used previously. Results showed consistency with previous findings that binding foundations are negatively correlated with post-conventional moral reasoning and positively correlated with maintaining norms and personal interest schemas. In addition to (...) previous studies, our results showed a positive correlation for individualizing foundations and post-conventional moral reasoning. Implications are discussed as well as a detailed explanation of the novel BMA method in order to allow others in the field of moral education to be able to use it in their own studies. (shrink)

This study compares the neural substrate of moral decision making processes between Korean and American participants. By comparison with Americans, Korean participants showed increased activity in the right putamen associated with socio-intuitive processes and right superior frontal gyrus associated with cognitive control processes under a moral-personal condition, and in the right postcentral sulcus associated with mental calculation in familiar contexts under a moral-impersonal condition. On the other hand, American participants showed a significantly higher degree of activity in the bilateral anterior (...) cingulate cortex (ACC) associated with conflict resolution under the moral-personal condition, and in the right medial frontal gyrus (MFG) associated with simple cognitive branching in non-familiar contexts under the moral-impersonal condition when a more lenient threshold was applied, than Korean participants. These findings support the ideas of the interactions between the cultural background, education, and brain development, proposed in the field of cultural psychology and educational psychology. The study introduces educational implications relevant to moral psychologists and educators. (shrink)